Prediction methods of maxillary canine impaction: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and assess the available evidence of prediction methods of maxillary canine impaction (MCI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic search was conducted through PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, EBSCOhost, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Bireme and Scielo until December 2020. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. The methodology of the selected studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2). RESULTS: A total of 2391 articles were identified in the first approach and after a 2-phase selection, 11 studies were included in qualitative analysis. Prediction methods were constructed using equation-based models, geometric measurements and computational methods from clinical and imaging data to predict palatal/buccal MCI. The quality of evidence was low to moderate due to the presence of risk of bias in most of the studies included. Three cohort studies with the best methodological quality proposed prediction models based on geometric measurements, canine position and facial growth pattern that would allow predicting MCI from CBCT, lateral and panoramic radiographs. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence is limited and most of the studies present a low methodological quality. However, it is possible to suggest that some prediction methods based on the position of the canine and facial growth pattern could predict palatal/buccal MCI in mixed dentition. Cohort studies with better methodological quality and long-term follow-up are needed to better validate a prediction model.

Modified scoping review of the enablers and barriers to implementing primary health care in the COVID-19 context.

Since the Alma Ata Declaration of 1978, countries have varied in their progress towards establishing and sustaining comprehensive primary health care (PHC) and realizing its associated vision of 'Health for All'. International health emergencies such as the coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic underscore the importance of PHC in underpinning health equity, including via access to routine essential services and emergency responsiveness. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge about PHC impacts, implementation enablers and barriers, and knowledge gaps across the three main PHC components as conceptualized in the 2018 Astana Framework. A scoping review design was adopted to summarize evidence from a diverse body of literature with a modification to accommodate four discrete phases of searching, screening and eligibility assessment: a database search in PubMed for PHC-related literature reviews and multi-country analyses (Phase 1); a website search for key global PHC synthesis reports (Phase 2); targeted searches for peer-reviewed literature relating to specific components of PHC (Phase 3) and searches for emerging insights relating to PHC in the COVID-19 context (Phase 4). Evidence from 96 included papers were analysed across deductive themes corresponding to the three main components of PHC. Findings affirm that investments in PHC improve equity and access, healthcare performance, accountability of health systems and health outcomes. Key enablers of PHC implementation include equity-informed financing models, health system and governance frameworks that differentiate multi-sectoral PHC from more discrete service-focussed primary care, and governance mechanisms that strengthen linkages between policymakers, civil society, non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations and private sector entities. Although knowledge about, and experience in, PHC implementation continues to grow, critical knowledge gaps are evident, particularly relating to country-level, context-specific governance, financing, workforce, accountability and service coordination mechanisms. An agenda to guide future country-specific PHC research is outlined.

Craniofacial growth predictors for class II and III malocclusions: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of craniofacial growth predictors in class II and III malocclusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An electronic search was conducted until August 2020 in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Bireme, Lilacs and Scielo including all languages. The articles were selected and analyzed by two authors independently and the selected studies was assessed using the 14-item Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2). The quality of evidence and strength of recommendation was assessed by the GRADE tool. RESULTS: In a selection process of two phases, 10 articles were included. The studies were grouped according to malocclusion growth predictor in (1) class II (n = 4); (2) class III (n = 5) and (3) class II and III (n = 1). The predictors were mainly based on data extracted from cephalometries and characterized by: equations, structural analysis, techniques and computer programs among others. The analyzed studies were methodologically heterogeneous and had low to moderate quality. For class II malocclusion, the predictors proposed in the studies with the best methodological quality were based on mathematical models and the Fishman system of maturation assessment. For class III malocclusion, the Fishman system could provide adequate growth prediction for short- and long-term. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the heterogeneity of the design, methodology and the quality of the articles reviewed, it is not possible to establish only a growth prediction system for class II and III malocclusion. High-quality cohort studies are needed, well defined data extraction from cephalometries, radiographies and clinical characteristics are required to design a reliable predictor.

Temporomandibular disorders in growing patients after treatment of class II and III malocclusion with orthopaedic appliances: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the use of orthopaedic appliances in growing patients applied to correct Class II and III malocclusion is related to the development of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic review was conducted between 1960 and July 2017, based on electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Scielo, Lilacs and Bireme. Controlled clinical trials (CCTs) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified. The articles were selected and analyzed by two authors independently. The quality of the evidence was determined according to the guidelines of the Cochrane Risk Bias Assessment Tool and the Cochrane Quality Study Guide. RESULTS: Seven articles were included, four CCTs and three RCTs. The studies were grouped according to malocclusion treatment in (a) class II appliances (n = 4) and (b) class III appliances (n = 3). The quality of evidence was low due to the high risk of bias, independent of the association reported. All studies concluded that the use of orthopaedic appliances would not contribute to the development of TMD. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of evidence available is insufficient to establish definitive conclusions, since the studies were very heterogeneous and presented a high risk of bias. However, it is suggested that the use of orthopaedic appliances to correct class II and III malocclusion in growing patients would not be considered as a risk factor for the development of TMD. High-quality RCTs are required to draw any definitive conclusions.

Centric relation-intercuspal position discrepancy and its relationship with temporomandibular disorders. A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess the relationship between centric relation-intercuspal position discrepancy (CR-ICP discrepancy) and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), by systematically reviewing the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic research was performed between 1960 and 2016 based on electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, Scopus, EBSCOhost, BIREME, Lilacs and Scielo, including all languages. Analytical observational clinical studies were identified. Two independent authors selected the articles. PICO format was used to analyze the studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to verify the quality of the evidence. RESULTS: Four hundred and sixty-seven potentially eligible articles were identified. Twenty studies were analyzed, being grouped according to intervention in studies in orthodontic patients (n = 3) and studies in subjects without intervention (n = 17). Quality of evidence was low, with an average score of 3.36 according to Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. In most studies, the presence of CR-ICP discrepancy is associated with the presence of muscle (pain) and joint disorders (noise, disc displacement, pain, crepitus, osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis). However, the lack of consistency of the results reported reduces the validity of the studies making it impossible to draw any definite conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the heterogeneity of the design and methodology and the low quality of the articles reviewed, it is not possible to establish an association between CR-ICP discrepancy and TMD. The consequence of CR-ICP discrepancy on the presence of TMD requires further research, well-defined and validated diagnostic criteria and rigorous scientific methodologies. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify CR-ICP discrepancy as a possible risk factor for the presence of TMD.

[A network to promote health systems based on primary health care in the Region of the Americas]. / Una red para promover sistemas de salud basados en la atención primaria de salud en la Región de las Américas.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the relational components of an international network of organizations that provide technical and financial assistance to promote the development of health systems based on primary health care in the countries of the Region of the Americas; to analyze the linkages that would allow the collaborating partners of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to work together on health issues; and to determine the basic theoretical elements that can help to develop action strategies that support advocacy efforts by a network. METHODS: This was a qualitative and quantitative cross-sectional study based on identifying key informants and on analyzing social networks. Ethnographic and relational information from 46 international organizations was collected through a self-administered semistructured questionnaire. From 46 international health cooperation organizations, 29 decision makers from 29 organizations participated (63.0% response rate). The structure and the strength of the network was evaluated in terms of density, closeness, clustering, and centralization. The statistical analysis was done using computer programs that included UCINET, Pajek, and Microsoft Access. RESULTS: We found a structurally centralized theoretical network, whose nodes were clustered into four central subgroups linked by a shared vision. The leadership, influence, and political interests reflected the formal and technical-cooperation linkages, the formal support for health systems based on primary health care, and the flow of resources being more often technical ones than financial ones. CONCLUSIONS: The interorganizational relational components and the social-action ties that were identified could help in the development and consolidation of a thematic network for advocacy and for the management of technical and financial assistance that supports primary health care in the Americas. The linkages for joint action that were identified could advance international cooperation in developing health systems based on primary health care, once PAHO formulates clear implementation strategies and takes a leadership position in mobilizing financial resources and in creating informal and interpersonal linkages for action.

[Renewing primary health care in the Americas]. / La renovación de la atención primaria de salud en las Américas.

At the 2003 meeting of the Directing Council of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the PAHO Member States issued a mandate to strengthen primary health care (Resolution CD44. R6). The mandate led in 2005 to the document "Renewing Primary Health Care in the Americas. A Position Paper of the Pan American Health Organization/WHO [World Health Organization]," and it culminated in the Declaration of Montevideo, an agreement among the governments of the Region of the Americas to renew their commitment to primary health care (PHC). Scientific data have shown that PHC, regarded as the basis of all the health systems in the Region, is a key component of effective health systems and can be adapted to the range of diverse social, cultural, and economic conditions that exist. The new, global health paradigm has given rise to changes in the population's health care needs. Health services and systems must adapt to address these changes. Building on the legacy of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, held in 1978 in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), PAHO proposes a group of strategies critical to adopting PHC-based health care systems based on the principles of equity, solidarity, and the right to the highest possible standard of health. The main objective of the strategies is to develop and/or strengthen PHC-based health systems in the entire Region of the Americas. A substantial effort will be required on the part of health professionals, citizens, governments, associations, and agencies. This document explains the strategies that must be employed at the national, subregional, Regional, and global levels.

Una red para promover sistemas de salud basados en la atención primaria de salud en la Región de las Américas

Objetivos: Identificar los componentes relacionales de una red internacional de organizaciones de cooperación técnica y financiera que promueva el desarrollo de sistemas de salud basados en la atención primaria de salud (APS) en los países de la región; analizar los vínculos de acción social para la cooperación en salud entre los socios colaboradores de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS); y determinar los elementos teóricos básicos que pueden contribuir a desarrollar estrategias de acción que respalden la abocacía en red. Métodos: Estudio transversal cualitativo y cuantitativo basado en la identificación de informantes clave y el análisis de redes sociales. Se colectó información etnográfica y relacional de 46 organizaciones internacionales mediante un cuestionario semiestructurado autoaplicado. Participaron 29 tomadores de decisión pertenecientes a 29 organizaciónes de cooperación internacional en salud (tasa de respuesta: 63,0 porcento). La estructura y solidez de la red se evaluó mediante la densidad, la distancia, la transitividad y la centralización de los nodos. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante los programas informáticos UCINET, PAJEK y MS Access, entre otros. Resultados: Se indentificó una red teórica estructuralmente centralizada, cuyos nodos aglutinados en cuatro subgrupos centrales se vincularon en una visión compartida. El liderazgo, la influencia y los intereses políticos reflejaron los vínculos cooperativos de tipo formal y técnico y el apoyo formal a favor de la propuesta, con el predominio del flujo de recursos técnicos sobre los financieros.Conclusiones: Los componetes relacionales interorganizacionales y los vínculos de acción social identificados pueden influir positivamente en la conformación y consolidación de una red temática de abocacía y gestión para la cooperación técnica y financiera en apoyo a la APS en la Región de las Américas. Los vínculos de acción identificados pueden favorecer la cooperación internacional en el desarrollo de sistemas de salud basados en la APS, una vez que la OPS formule estrategias de implementación claras y tome el liderazgo para movilizar recursos finacieros y generar vínculos de acción informal y interpersonal(AU)

Una red para promover sistemas de salud basados en la atención primaria de salud en la Región de las Américas / A network to promote health systems based on primary health care in the Region of the Americas

OBJETIVOS: Identificar los componentes relacionales de una red internacional de organizaciones de cooperación técnica y financiera que promueva el desarrollo de sistemas de salud basados en la atención primaria de salud (APS) en los países de la Región; analizar los vínculos de acción social para la cooperación en salud entre los socios colaboradores de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS); y determinar los elementos teóricos básicos que pueden contribuir a desarrollar estrategias de acción que respalden la abogacía en red. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal cualitativo y cuantitativo basado en la identificación de informantes clave y el análisis de redes sociales. Se colectó información etnográfica y relacional de 46 organizaciones internacionales mediante un cuestionario semiestructurado autoaplicado. Participaron 29 tomadores de decisión pertenecientes a 29 organizaciones de cooperación internacional en salud (tasa de respuesta: 63,0 por ciento). La estructura y solidez de la red se evaluó mediante la densidad, la distancia, la transitividad y la centralización de los nodos. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante los programas informáticos UCINET, PAJEK y MS Access, entre otros. RESULTADOS: Se identificó una red teórica estructuralmente centralizada, cuyos nodos aglutinados en cuatro subgrupos centrales se vincularon en una visión compartida. El liderazgo, la influencia y los intereses políticos reflejaron los vínculos cooperativos de tipo formal y técnico y el apoyo formal a favor de la propuesta, con el predominio del flujo de recursos técnicos sobre los financieros. CONCLUSIONES: Los componentes relacionales interorganizacionales y los vínculos de acción social identificados pueden influir positivamente en la conformación y consolidación de una red temática de abogacía y gestión para la cooperación técnica y financiera en apoyo a la APS en la Región de las Américas. Los vínculos de acción identificados pueden favorecer...

OBJECTIVES: To identify the relational components of an international network of organizations that provide technical and financial assistance to promote the development of health systems based on primary health care in the countries of the Region of the Americas; to analyze the linkages that would allow the collaborating partners of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to work together on health issues; and to determine the basic theoretical elements that can help to develop action strategies that support advocacy efforts by a network. METHODS: This was a qualitative and quantitative cross-sectional study based on identifying key informants and on analyzing social networks. Ethnographic and relational information from 46 international organizations was collected through a self-administered semistructured questionnaire. From 46 international health cooperation organizations, 29 decisionmakers from 29 organizations participated (63.0 percent response rate). The structure and the strength of the network was evaluated in terms of density, closeness, clustering, and centralization. The statistical analysis was done using computer programs that included UCINET, Pajek, and Microsoft Access. RESULTS: We found a structurally centralized theoretical network, whose nodes were clustered into four central subgroups linked by a shared vision. The leadership, influence, and political interests reflected the formal and technical-cooperation linkages, the formal support for health systems based on primary health care, and the flow of resources being more often technical ones than financial ones. CONCLUSIONS: The interorganizational relational components and the social-action ties that were identified could help in the development and consolidation of a thematic network for advocacy and for the management of technical and financial assistance that supports primary health care in the Americas. The linkages for joint action that were identified could...

La renovación de la atención primaria de salud en las Américas / Renewing primary health care in the Americas

El documento "Renewing Primary Health Care in the Americas. A Position Paper of the Pan American Health Organization/WHO" es fruto del mandato de los Estados Miembros de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) para el fortalecimiento de la APS, definido por la resolución CD44.R6 del Consejo Directivo en 2003. Dicho mandato culminó con la Declaración de Montevideo, un compromiso de todos los gobiernos de las Américas para renovar la APS, entendida como la base de los sistemas de salud de la Región. Los resultados científicos demuestran que la APS es un componente clave para alcanzar la efectividad de los sistemas de salud y puede adaptarse a los diversos contextos sociales, culturales y económicos de los diferentes países. El nuevo contexto mundial hace que cambien las necesidades en salud de la población, por lo que es necesario adaptar los servicios y sistemas de salud para que puedan dar una respuesta adecuada a esas nuevas necesidades. Rescatando el legado de la Conferencia Internacional sobre Atención Primaria de Salud, celebrada en Alma-Ata (Kazajstán, antigua Unión Soviética) en 1978, la OPS propone un conjunto de líneas estratégicas esenciales para adoptar sistemas de salud basados en la APS, construidos sobre los valores de la equidad, la solidaridad y el derecho a gozar del grado máximo de salud posible. El objetivo principal de las líneas estratégicas propuestas es desarrollar o fortalecer los sistemas de salud basados en la APS en toda la Región de las Américas. Esto requerirá un esfuerzo considerable de los profesionales de la salud, los ciudadanos, los gobiernos, la sociedad civil y las agencias de cooperación. Se exponen las líneas estratégicas que deben establecerse a nivel nacional, subregional, regional y mundial.(AU)

La renovación de la atención primaria de salud en las Américas / Renewing primary health care in the Americas

El documento "Renewing Primary Health Care in the Americas. A Position Paper of the Pan American Health Organization/WHO" es fruto del mandato de los Estados Miembros de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) para el fortalecimiento de la APS, definido por la resolución CD44.R6 del Consejo Directivo en 2003. Dicho mandato culminó con la Declaración de Montevideo, un compromiso de todos los gobiernos de las Américas para renovar la APS, entendida como la base de los sistemas de salud de la Región. Los resultados científicos demuestran que la APS es un componente clave para alcanzar la efectividad de los sistemas de salud y puede adaptarse a los diversos contextos sociales, culturales y económicos de los diferentes países. El nuevo contexto mundial hace que cambien las necesidades en salud de la población, por lo que es necesario adaptar los servicios y sistemas de salud para que puedan dar una respuesta adecuada a esas nuevas necesidades. Rescatando el legado de la Conferencia Internacional sobre Atención Primaria de Salud, celebrada en Alma-Ata (Kazajstán, antigua Unión Soviética) en 1978, la OPS propone un conjunto de líneas estratégicas esenciales para adoptar sistemas de salud basados en la APS, construidos sobre los valores de la equidad, la solidaridad y el derecho a gozar del grado máximo de salud posible. El objetivo principal de las líneas estratégicas propuestas es desarrollar o fortalecer los sistemas de salud basados en la APS en toda la Región de las Américas. Esto requerirá un esfuerzo considerable de los profesionales de la salud, los ciudadanos, los gobiernos, la sociedad civil y las agencias de cooperación. Se exponen las líneas estratégicas que deben establecerse a nivel nacional, subregional, regional y mundial.

At the 2003 meeting of the Directing Council of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the PAHO Member States issued a mandate to strengthen primary health care (Resolution CD44.R6). The mandate led in 2005 to the document "Renewing Primary Health Care in the Americas. A Position Paper of the Pan American Health Organization/WHO [World Health Organization]," and it culminated in the Declaration of Montevideo, an agreement among the governments of the Region of the Americas to renew their commitment to primary health care (PHC). Scientific data have shown that PHC, regarded as the basis of all the health systems in the Region, is a key component of effective health systems and can be adapted to the range of diverse social, cultural, and economic conditions that exist. The new, global health paradigm has given rise to changes in the population's health care needs. Health services and systems must adapt to address these changes. Building on the legacy of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, held in 1978 in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), PAHO proposes a group of strategies critical to adopting PHC-based health care systems based on the principles of equity, solidarity, and the right to the highest possible standard of health. The main objective of the strategies is to develop and/or strengthen PHC-based health systems in the entire Region of the Americas. A substantial effort will be required on the part of health professionals, citizens, governments, associations, and agencies. This document explains the strategies that must be employed at the national, subregional, Regional, and global levels.

Servicio de neurología y neurocirugía del Hospital Obrero Nº 1 de la CNS: Guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento en neurología y neurocirugía / sss

Esta guía es una orienteción en los complejos caminos del diagnóstico y tratamiento en Neurología y Neurocirugía